Pugwash is located in Cumberland County, on the Northumberland Strait connecting to the Pugwash River. Pugwash, a Mi'kmaq term, means "deep water," which references the deep harbour near Pugwash. Many highland Scots migrated to Pugwash in the 1800s, as all Pugwash's street signs are readable in both English and Gaelic. Pugwash rests over a massive salt mine, and is home to the largest underground salt mine in Atlantic Canada. Pugwash is also a fishing community.

The town of Pugwash once had a sign at its entrance that read "Home of the Thinkers," largely based on the 1957 international conference that local patron, Cyrus Eaton, hosted at his estate just north of Pugwash. The conference included world renowned scientists and discussed the state of nuclear weapons regarding the Cold War. Today, the town slogan is "World Famous for Peace."

Pugwash, among other things, is noted for having warm water and sandy beaches. It has been said that the waters in Pugwash are the warmest north of the Carolinas. Pugwash is home to many beautiful beaches and parks, a golf course, historical sites, a scenic harbour, a yacht club, marina, natural trails and tourist information centres. Pugwash is located 190 km (118 mi.) north of Halifax.

Pugwash accommodations include hotels, motels, bed and breakfasts, and cottages and campgrounds.